Thermodynamics of the Dissolution Borax

Thermodynamics of the Dissolution of Borax Lina Jawadi Objectives: * Study an arrangement of salt and water arrangement. * Determining an assortment of significant thermodynamics amounts from the solvency data at different temperatures. Foundation: The salt and water arrangement in this investigation has moderately straightforward dissolvability balance of borax in water. Na2B4O7 . 10 H2O 2Na + B4O5(OH)42-+ 8H2O This response is a balance procedure and 8 water particles from the hydrated salt are lost to the response medium. The balance steady articulation for this response is:K = [Na+]2 [B4O5(OH)42-] [H2O]8 [Na2B4O7 . 10 H2O] In this examination we will consistently ensure there is some strong borax staying in the example blend before expelling some of it to break down it. In this way, we can expect that the convergence of strong borax is steady. What's more, the water particles which were initially part of the borax’s crystalline network is lost to the example blend; notwith standing, it doesn’t essentially influence the convergence of the water. The harmony consistent articulation would now be able to be streamlined to become: K = [Na+]2 [B4O5(OH)42-]The first balance articulation and the decent dissolvability balance response permit us to communicate either borate particle or sodium particle as far as the other. In this way, it is conceivable to decide the steady regarding either particle. Subsequent to subbing borax particle instead of the sodium particle, ([Na+] = 2 [B4O5(OH)42-] , K = (2 [B4O5(OH)42-] )2 * [B4O5(OH)42-] ) we get: K = 4 [B4O5(OH)42-]3 . Finding the grouping of borate particle in any example at some random temperature gives us the dissolvability item at that temperature. Gear: * 5mL pipet * Test tubes * Marker * Hot plate * 250 mL measuring utencil * Flask Electric parity Procedure: 1. Utilizing the pipet add 5mL of refined water to 10 test tubes. 2. Imprint the level with the marker and spill the water out. Imprint the test t ube with the doled out temperature. 3. Gauge 30-32g of strong sodium borate decahydrate (borax) in a 250 mL recepticle and afterward include 150 mL of water. 4. Spot the blend on a hot plate, yet don’t permit its temperature to surpass 50oC. 5. After all the borax disintegrates, include more and let the temperature arrive at 45oC. 6. When it begins somewhat surpassing 45oC, expel it from the hot plate and spot rather a measuring utencil loaded up with 150 mL of refined water. . Keep blending the blend until it arrives at the ideal temperature. 8. Rapidly pour 5 mL of the blend in two test tube without moving any strong borax. (record the temperature when the exchange. ) 9. At the point when the water shower arrives at 45oC, place the test tube in it until precipitation of borax has broken up. 10. In a cup with 50-75 mL of water and 10 drops of bromocresol green marker, include 125 mL of the borax arrangement. 11. Before titrating the borax with corrosive ensure that it has a blue color.Using buret loaded up with 50 mL gracious HCl, add the corrosive to the borax until it arrives at the endpoint, which is the point at which the arrangement abandons a blue shading to a yellow. Record the underlying and last volume. (For counts: discover the moles of borax utilizing the volume of HCl and its molarity. At that point discover the solvency item consistent and plot the ksp versus (1/t) diagram and from it acquire the estimations of ? H and ? S. Ensure the temperature is in kelvin while doing the counts. At long last, discover the estimation of ? G utilizing the two conditions and plot the ? G versus time chart. )

Electoral college Essay

Who’s deciding in favor of the president? Not you. We live in a general public where your vote doesn’t straightforwardly tally during a presidential political race. This is because of an old-fashioned framework called the constituent school. The discretionary school (EC) was established in 1787. The establishing fathers set up the framework so the president is picked in a roundabout way. This was done so that â€Å"popular passion,† wouldn’t factor in so much. Essentially they didn’t need presidential crusades to turn out to be absolutely promotion battles. (outsider occasions) But there are a couple of genuine imperfections in the discretionary school that should be managed. For instance, the notable Democratic aphorism â€Å"one man, one vote,† (which implies each vote tallies) doesn’t apply to presidential decisions in light of the EC. The appointive school makes it feasible for a competitor who wins the well known vote of the indiv iduals to lose the administration. (appointive school) This has happened precisely multiple times previously. Once in 1876, and once in 1888, and most as of late during the 2000 races. President Bush lost the mainstream vote to up-and-comer Al Gore by more than 500,000 votes. Hedge despite everything won the administration since Florida (a key state in decisions) had a very late change in the appointive votes. This tossed the whole state into a republican vote. â€Å"On two different events (1800 and 1824), the House of Representatives 2 picked the president when no one won an appointive school larger part. Thomas Jefferson once depicted this condition as ‘the most hazardous blotch on our Constitution.’ † (appointive school) Lawrence P. Longley and Neal R. Pierce, two specialists on the constituent school and Harvard instructors, concur wholeheartedly with Jefferson’s explanation. They realize beyond any doubt the shortcomings of the EC. They did a few estimations to represent this point further. Californians have more than two fold the amount of casting a ballot control as do individuals in Montana on account of the populace contrasts. Far more atrocious than that is, if even a couple of votes change in some key states it can change the entire result of a political race. for example the 2000 Florida races. There have been 22 razor close races in our history one of which was † the 1960 race between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixonâ€if 8,971 votes in Illinois and Missouri had changed from Kennedy to Nixon that year, the outcome would have been an appointive school deadlock.† (constituent school) Longley and Peirce contend that â€Å"it’s just a short time before it separates totally. The President of the United States is chosen in a roundabout way by the discretionary school †a bygone and particular framework that compromises like clockwork to upset well known will.† (constituent school) To finish everything off, the individuals we decide to decide in favor of the president aren’t even required to keep their promises. â€Å"In 24 states and the area of Columbia, balloters are 3 not limited by any state law or guideline that they vote in favor of the states well known vote winner.† (municipal qualities) For instance in 1988 a voter promised to Michael Dukakis changed his vow to Lloyd Bentsen. Additionally it occurred in 1976 when a voter vowed to Gerald Ford decided in favor of Ronald Reagan. These are only a couple of the occurrences including â€Å"faithless electors† a term utilized for balloters who change their vow. The inquiry is what do we do about these issues? The appropriate response is basic, we change the EC. (city esteems) There are three fundamental designs for changing the manner in which the EC works. The first is known as the corresponding technique. This specific choice hasn’t been explored as much as the others. Fundamentally on the off chance that an up-and-comer gets 58 percent of the famous vote, at that point they additionally get 58 percent of the constituent vote. This reflects well known will and lets the balloters keep their employments. The issue with this strategy is that it would require support from each state. (political race change) The second is the arrangement to cancel the appointive school totally. This is an exceptionall y basic arrangement which is getting progressively mainstream. If you somehow happened to dispose of the EC it would better mirror the famous vote, dispose of the chance of â€Å"faithless electors,† and it may build voter turnout. (political race change) In request to dispose of the EC totally you would require 66% of the place of Representatives and the Senate and 38 states to concur that it should be changed. 4 and however nullifying the EC is quick turning into a famous thought (particularly since the 2000 races) there is as yet insufficient help for the thought. The cruel the truth is that there likely will never be sufficient help. This is on the grounds that the very individuals who’s occupations rely upon the presence of the constituent school are the ones settling on a generous measure of the choice whether to keep it. (metro esteems) Luckily there’s an answer. Rather than disposing of the discretionary school simply adjust it a tad. The third arrangement is known as the District Method. This could be a decent alternative, in light of the fact that as opposed to having the whole state swing towards one ideological group for the discretionary vote, presently a state could be partitioned into littler parts . This would better speak to the well known vote and along these lines the individuals. Another explanation that the District Method may work is that you don’t need an established correction. Regardless of whether just a couple of states received this strategy it would be successful. Likewise it’s a decent trade off . The discretionary school is still in play, so supporters of it wouldn’t fight. Also the individuals would have to a greater degree a state in who their leader is . Also, that’s the main thing. (political decision change) Now you can see that the mainstream vote, which our nation was established on as a vote based system , can be defeated to fit the impulses of the appointive school. Our essential privileges of picking the individuals who administer us don't make a difference on account of presidential races which are the most significant decisions. This can't stand. At the point when our ancestors composed the constitution, the United States was a lot of 5 littler and the individuals were better spoken to in light of the fact that they were in littler gatherings. That isn’t the case today. Things have changed and we as a general public must change with the occasions. If not, any self designated despot could pay or convince oneself into power with possibly inconvenient outcomes. Make the most of your vote. Appeal to change the constituent school. 6 Work Cited Page â€Å"Electoral College.† Web News: Product audits. 11/9/2003. Harvard Electoral College Experts. Dec. 2000 http://www.webdesk.com/appointive school/Third Party Times. The Electoral College System. 1992, League of Womens Voters of California Education finance. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu./case/3pt/electoral.html Electionreform.org. 2001. Political decision Reform. http://www.electionreform.org.ERMain/needs/ec/reform.htm Civic-Values State Lawmakers Mull Electoral College. Nov.2000. http://civic.net/urban values.archive/200011/msg00181.html

Cymbalta Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline & Treatment

Cymbalta Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline & Treatment Depression Treatment Medication Print How Long Does Withdrawal From Cymbalta Last? By Corinne O’Keefe Osborn linkedin Corinne Osborn is an award-winning health and wellness journalist with a background in substance abuse, sexual health, and psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Corinne O’Keefe Osborn Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 29, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on August 29, 2019 Verywell / Emily Roberts More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Signs & Symptoms Coping & Relief Warnings Long-Term Treatment Resources View All Back To Top Cymbalta (duloxetine) is a prescription medication used to treat depression, anxiety, fibromyalgia, and diabetic neuropathy. It is what’s known as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI. SSNRIs have a powerful effect on the brain, working to increase the activity of neurotransmitters called serotonin and norepinephrine. When SNRIs are discontinued, some people experience withdrawal symptoms. Overview When you quit Cymbalta, it can take your brain some time to adjust to being without it. During this time, you may notice some dizziness and flu-like symptoms. Headaches, nausea, and vomiting are all common in the days and weeks following your last dose of Cymbalta. More distressing symptoms include nightmares or disturbing dreams, and a pins and needles sensation that comes and goes throughout the body.?? Although these symptoms are typically mild, they can be alarming when they come as a surprise. Most people are not warned about the potential for withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking antidepressants. If your doctor did warn you, they may have used the term “antidepressant discontinuation syndrome,” which can be a bit misleading. A pooled analysis of six different placebo-controlled research studies found that 44.3% of people quitting duloxetine (Cymbalta) reported withdrawal-like symptoms, compared to 22.9% of people in the placebo group. The most commonly cited symptom was dizziness, followed by nausea and headache.?? The majority of participants in the duloxetine (Cymbalta) studies categorized their symptoms as either mild or moderate. Among those experiencing withdrawal symptoms, about 65% said that their symptoms went away in about one week.?? Signs Symptoms When you stop taking Cymbalta, your brain has to adjust to lower levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. It can take days or weeks for your brain to settle into its new normal. During this time, you may experience a number of symptoms, including:?? dizzinessnauseavomitingpins and needlesnightmaresanxietystrange sensations like brain zapstrouble sleepingirritability Symptoms typically appear within two to four days of stopping your dose and last for a few weeks.?? While taperingâ€"slowly decreasingâ€"your dose is a common treatment strategy, some research suggests that even with this strategy, you still may experience some withdrawal symptoms.?? Compared to other SNRIs, like venlafaxine, Cymbalta withdrawal is relatively mild.?? If you have read elsewhere about an intense withdrawal syndrome from SNRIs, the authors were most likely referring to venlafaxine (Effexor).     There is one report of a withdrawal seizure?? and one report of withdrawal symptoms coming and going over a period of ten months.??   Coping Relief To help make it easier to come off Cymbalta, your doctor will likely recommend a taper lasting at least two weeks. Tapering a medication means working with your doctor to develop a plan to take progressively smaller doses of a drug over an extended period of time. It is unclear whether or not a slow Cymbalta taper will always prevent withdrawal symptoms, but it is generally considered the safest way to stop an antidepressant.   Work with your doctor to develop a tapering schedule that fits your needs. Your doctor may want to switch you to a different antidepressant or provide medical support for your withdrawal symptoms. Other ways to ease the withdrawal experience include:   Working with a therapist. Talk therapy can help ease anxiety, soothe irritability, and even reduce physical discomfort.Seeking support from friends and family. Letting your loved ones know that you are experiencing withdrawal symptoms can help prevent conflict and reduce confusion.Practicing self-care. It is important to keep your body and brain in good shape by eating healthy and working out at least three times per week.Trying herbal remedies. If you are having trouble sleeping, try taking an OTC supplement like valerian root or melatonin at bedtime.Treating pain and nausea. You can treat headaches and stomachaches with OTC pain relivers and anti-nausea medications.  Avoiding relapse. If you see signs that your depression or anxiety is coming back, talk to your doctor about alternative treatment options.     Warnings Although quitting Cymbalta cold turkey is rarely dangerous, it is best to consult your doctor before attempting to do so. Tell your doctor why you are interested in quitting and ask about tapering options.   Long-Term Treatment After Cymbalta, you may require ongoing treatment. The nature of that treatment will depend on a variety of factors, including the state of your mental health and your reasons for stopping the medication. Unlike other medications, like antibiotics, that work for almost everyone, antidepressants can be really hit-or-miss. A medication that your friend calls a lifesaver, might make you too dizzy to play with your kids or too foggy to work. Brain chemistry is an incredibly complex system involving not only neurotransmitters like serotonin, but also nerve cells, genes, and brain structures. If it were as easy as turning up the dial on one neurotransmitter and turning down the dial on another, depression would be much easier to treat. That said, if Cymbalta didn’t work for you, ask your doctor to recommend something else. Treating depression can involve a process of trial and error. If you are quitting Cymbalta because you feel your depression has lifted, that’s fantastic. But it is important that you keep in touch with your psychiatrist or therapist to be sure that stopping the medication doesn’t cause a reemergence of your depression. Depression is a disease with a very high reoccurrence rate. About 50% of people who recover from one episode of depression will have more depressive episodes in their lifetime. If you have had more than one episode, there is about an 80% chance you will have another.?? If you have had one or more episodes of severe depression, you may be a good candidate for maintenance therapy. Typically, this means continuing with a therapeutic dose of antidepressants to reduce the risk of relapse. Other forms of maintenance therapy include psychotherapy.?? In the meantime, keep an eye out for symptoms that your depression is returning. Common symptoms include:?? feeling sad, empty, or hopelessexperiencing outbursts of tearfulness, anger, or frustrationlosing interest, pleasure, or excitement for enjoyable activitiessleeping too much or too littlefeeling tired all the timefeeling worthless or guiltyfixating on perceived failures or faultsfeeling anxious, agitated, or restlessmoving, speaking, or thinking slowlythoughts of death or suicide Resources If you or someone you love is experiencing suicidal thoughts, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-8255). You will be connected with staff or volunteers at a crisis center near you. The people on the other end of the line can help you calm down and figure out what to do next. If your doctor isn’t helping, consider finding a new psychiatrist, psychologist, or therapist in your area. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has a searchable directory of qualified providers. You can also call them at 1-800-662-HELP (4357).   If you have health insurance, you can also search the company’s list of local providers who accept your insurance. A Word From Verywell If you gave Cymbalta a good try but you still don’t feel like yourself, don’t give up. There are other medications, doses, and combinations of medications that you can try. If you don’t think you need medication anymore, that’s great, but don’t neglect your mental health. A qualified therapist can help bolster the effects of antidepressants and help prevent a relapse. Just like medications, there is no once-size-fits-all therapist. Keeping trying until you find a combo that works for you.   How to Taper Off Your Antidepressants

Intellectual Property Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1122 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Clients issue 1) Mr. Litt is currently having an issue with the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm, based on intellectual property. The Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm is trying to reap off foxtons signage. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Intellectual Property Law" essay for you Create order A signage refers to the symbols, signs, or designs used in advertisement. From the images provided in the document, it is evident that Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is trying to reap off foxtonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ signage. Mr. Litt feels that the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm is being biased, by trying to reap off their signage. To solve this issue, Mr. Litt chooses to apply intellectual laws with the hope of ceasing Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biasness. Mr. Litt is not familiar with intellectual law. Therefore, to advise Mr. .Litt, the paper will focus on intellectual law, after which the paper will advice Mr. Litt on the relevant action to take. Overview on which law in place (Intellectual property) 2) Intellectual property (IP) may be defined as the creations and ideas of an individual. These ideas may include designs, images, or even symbols used in commerce. There have been various statutes in the UK that relate to IP. These statutes tend to emphasize the IP rights. These rig hts include, the patent, copy right, design, trademarks, among others. These statutes stipulate legal measures that tend to control intellectual issues, such as Mr.Littà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s issue with the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm. These statutes will be discussed in the next chapter. To elaborate more on these statutes, the discussion will also include previous cases, which relate to the statutes [1] Substandard of law (Passing off) 3)PassingÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ offisacommonlawactionratherthanastatutorycauseofactionandisusedtopreventonepartyfromusingthegoodwillassociatedwithanotherpartyfortheirownbenefit.PassingÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ offdoesnotprovidetheownerofthegoodwillwithamonopolyinthemark,ratheritprotectsthetradersbusinessagainstwhatcanessentiallybedescribedasunfaircompetition Thelawofpassingoffiswideandalsocoversgoodwillassociatedinslogans,visualimages,domainnamesandotherdescriptivematerial.TherearethreebasicrequirementstoestablishpassingÃÆ'à ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ off.The claimantmustestablish:ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1. that goodwill exists in his or her goods orservices, in the area where infringement hastakenplace; 2. misrepresentationbytheinfringertothepublicsuch that the public believe or are likely tobelievethatthegoodsorservicesofferedbytheinfringerarethoseoftheclaimant; 3. thathe/shehassuffereddamage,orthereisalikelihood of damage occurring, due to theinfringerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢smisrepresentation. Damages available for passing off 4 ) In the case of passing off the following remedies are available: Damages or an account of the defendants profits An order for the delivery up or the destruction of the infringing articles or products An injunction An enquiry to establish loss Cases and statutes in support for client 5 ) A famous case that involved copy right infringement in the UK was the case involving George Harrison v the B right Tune[2]. George Harrison was accused of plagiarizing a song. George was found guilty and as a result, George paid a total sum of 587.000.00. The case was later dismissed in 1981 . 6) The case that involved Google and apple is a famous case that revolved around the patent rights. The two companies had an issue over phone patent rights. Apple felt that Google was trying to reap off their new eject technology, To this effect. Apple took a legal action on grounds off patent theft. 7) A good example of a case that was based on trademarks infringement was that involving. Gucci and Guess. Gucci a famous designer label accused Guess of reaping off its trademark. Gucci won the case against Guess and as a result Guess paid 54.7 mi Ilion to compensate Gucci for the damages resulting from the trademarks infringement The rele vant actions that Mr. Litt should take in relevance to the IP laws 8 ) Mr. Litt and other senior persons at Foxtons could opt to take certain actions that will help them to solve the problem with the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm. These actions will be identified and elaborated in next chapter. Registering the foxton signage as stipulated in the trademarkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act (1995) 9 ) To start off, Mr. Litt could think of applying the trademarkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act (1995). The act stipulates that all trademarks ought to be registered under the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name. Mr. Litt should consider registering the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark. By registering the trade mark, the foxtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm shall have legal rights to the trade mark. This will prevent the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm from using the same trade mark. This move will offer a permanent solution to the issue between the two firms [3] Arbitrary action 10 ) Mr. Litt cou ld also consider holding an arbitrary meeting with the superiors at the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm, in the presence of an arbitrator (preferably a legal expert in IP law). During the meeting, Mr. Litt could bring up the issue and try to solve the issue amicably. Mr. Litt should confront the current situation and request the superiors at Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to cease using foxtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signage. If the superiors at Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s refuse to comply with Mr. Littà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s demands, Mr. Litt should consider taking necessary legal action against the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm [4] Legal action (litigation) in IP courts on grounds of patent and copyright theft 11) Mr. Litt could also choose to sue the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm on the grounds of patent, copyright and trade markà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acts that were discussed previously. These acts tend to protect the property of an individual, ensuring that the property is not subject to copy right and patent theft. The Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm has reaped off foxtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signage. By doing this, the firm has done contrary to what is stipulated in the three acts. Therefore, Mr. Litt should sue the Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm on grounds of copy right and patent theft [5] Conclusion 12) Intellectual property is a wide department that is broken down to three laws, the copy right laws, trademarks law and the patent law. From the discussion, it is evident that the three laws govern the field of Intellectual property. Over the years cases involving copy right, patent and trade markà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s infringement have been quite common. To curb the reoccurrence of these cases, governments should put more emphasis on Intellectual property laws. Mr. Litt should consider implementing actions proposed in the discussion above. With the immediate implementation of the actions proposed, Mr. Litt will find it easier to curb further damage. Of the f ive actions, Litigation is more recommendable. Litigation is considered more recommendable in the sense that it is efficient and effective. With the enactment of the proposed actions (meditation, litigation, arbitration, registration, and benevolent notice) Mr. Litt is guaranteed of a permanent solution to the issue with Hartleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm. References 1)Chaudhry, P. E., Walsh, M. G. (1995). Intellectual property rights: Changing levels of protection under GATT NAFTA and the EU. The Columbia Journal of World Business, 30(2), 80-92. 2)Cornish, W. R., Llewelyn, D., Aplin, T. F. (2003). Intellectual property: patents, copyright, trademarks and allied rights (pp. 332-34). London: Sweet Maxwell. 3)Drahos, P. (1996). A philosophy of intellectual property (Vol. 223). Aldershot: Dartmouth. 4)Helpman, E. (1992). Innovation, imitation, and intellectual property rights (No. w4081). National Bureau of Economic Research. 5) Xu, G. G. (2004). Information for corpo rate IP management. World Patent Information, 26(2), 149-156. 6)edwards ,C,C. (2010) ,who owns your thoughts ? (intelectual property), Engineering and technology , 66-69 [1] (Cornish, 2003, p. 78). [2] George Harrison v the B right Tune [3] (Xu, 2004, p. 89). [4] (Helpman, 1992, p.67). [5] (Xu, 2004, p. 89).

The Article, Global Democracy Written By Joshua Cohen And...

In the article, Global Democracy? written by Joshua Cohen and Charles F. Sabel they discuss the idea of having a global democracy amongst all states. The expanded range of politics setting beyond each states domestic boundaries would mark global politics. They want to set up a set of global rules so that they can provide a common welfare for all states especially in under-developed states. These set of rules would be set up to make sure that all of the rules are fare and just for all the people living in the state including the minorities. The system of global democracy will not be used at all times, they want to be to step and take control when certain rules made by officials and leaders negatively directly effect the lives of citizens in the country. The main reasoning behind this system is the idea that it will cause leaders to become more accountable for all of their actions concerning their citizens. Both Cohen and Sabel feel that accountability is a major problem in the reasons why leaders are able to get away with the decisions they make because no one is checking in on them or making them explain their actions. Most time in an underdeveloped country there is a dictatorship and the dictator is power and also very rich, so there is no in the country who is willing, able, or powerful enough to question his decisions. They feel that if public scrutiny is implied then oficials and leaders would not be so quick to make decisions only to benefit themselves and the wealthy.

Modern history of JAPAN Free Essays

Distinct features of constitution: 1.According to Meiji constitution, all political power is in the Emperor’s hand. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern history of JAPAN or any similar topic only for you Order Now The principle that sovereignty resided in person of the Emperor, by virtue of his divine ancestry â€Å"unbroken for ages eternal†, rather than the people, No other have chance to take position 3.The Emperor, nominally at least, united within himself all three branches (executive and legislative and judiciary) of government, albeit subject to the â€Å"consent of the Imperial Diet†. 4.Sacred and inviolable†, a formula which was construed by hard-line monarchists to mean that emperor retained the right to withdraw the constitution, or to ignore its provisions. 5.The Emperor’s commands (including Imperial Ordinance, Edicts, Rescripts, etc) had no legal force within themselves, but required the signature of a â€Å"Minister of State†. 6.The Emperor also had the sole rights to make war, make peace, conclude treaties Democracy in Meiji constitution. People’s right 1. Freedom of speech, assembly and association 2. Privacy of correspondence 3. Private property 4. Freedom of movement 5. Freedom of religion 6. Right to be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally. Moreover, according to constitution, the Emperor’s commands (including Imperial Ordinance, Edicts, Rescripts, etc) had no legal force within themselves, but required the signature of a â€Å"Minister of State†. Depart from Democracy. 1 All political powers in the Emperor’s hand. 2 The Meiji Constitution was founded on the principle that sovereignty resided in person of the Emperor, by virtue of his divine ancestry â€Å"unbroken for ages eternal†, rather than the people 3 The Emperor, nominally at least, united within himself all three branches (executive and legislative and judiciary) of government, 4 Ministers of State were appointed by (and could be dismissed by) the Emperor alone, and not by the Prime Minister or the Diet. 5 The Emperor also had the sole rights to make war, make peace, conclude treaties How to cite Modern history of JAPAN, Essay examples

Solutions to Climate Change in Nigeria- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSolutions to Climate Change in Nigeria. Answer: Afforestation It is the activity of planting trees where they never existed before (Ogbo, Lauretta, and Ukpere, 2013). There is empirical evidence that has proven that Afforestation helps in carbon sinking (Amanchukwu, Amadi-Ali, and Ololube, 2015). The carbon sinks can either be permanently or temporary. Increased Afforestation helps in the reduction in the levels carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Batta, Ashong, and Bashir, 2013). It suffices to point out that planting tree where none existed is crucial in mitigating the effects of climate change. The captured carbon dioxide is combined with the solar energy and converted into food by trees (Amanchukwu, Amadi-Ali, and Ololube, 2015). As such, trees are integral in completing the carbon cycle (Hansen, and Sato, 2016). Reforestation Reforestation is a term that describes the restocking of existing woodlands and forests (Hansen, and Sato, 2016). These woodlands and forests are often depleted. Through reforestation, a balanced ecosystem and resources are achieved. Several studies have shown that the improved forest cover is essential in reducing the effects of climate change (Amanchukwu, Amadi-Ali, and Ololube, 2015). Further, the resulting forest cover acts as a carbon sink. Indeed, the concept that forests can serve as a carbon sink has necessitated increased reforestation as a way of dealing with climate change globally (Batta, Ashong, and Bashir, 2013). Trees are crucial in removing excess carbon dioxide that is emitted from greenhouses. It is widely known that much of the global warming is due to the emission of greenhouse gases and other types of emissions (Amanchukwu, Amadi-Ali, and Ololube, 2015). The substantive debate that surrounds the concept of reforestation is whether it is a viable tool in fighting climate change. Consequently, questions relating to the ability of reforestation to have a significant impact on the reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gases. However, reforestation requires enough land to help in global efforts aimed at curbing climate change (Batta, Ashong, and Bashir, 2013). Reduce Carbon Emissions In developed countries, the cost of renewable energy is cheaper as compared to the developing countries like Nigeria (Hansen, and Sato, 2016). It suffices to point out that fossil fuels emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. People are often advised to buy cars which catalytic converters to help in burning the fuel. Further, in reducing carbon emissions, people are advised to save electricity and engage in the recycling of materials. Using Renewable Energy Resources In addressing the challenges posed by climate change, renewable energy is indispensable (Amanchukwu, Amadi-Ali, and Ololube, 2015). The utilization of renewable technologies is essential in reducing carbon emissions that are synonymous with fossil fuels. There has been a remarkable growth in both solar and wind energy. There is evidence that some households have already begun harnessing both the wind and solar energy (Batta, Ashong, and Bashir, 2013). Indeed, renewable energy is slowly edging out fossil fuels in the country Batta, Ashong, and Bashir, 2013; Hansen, and Sato, 2016). In a nutshell, the use of hydroelectric energy resources is critical to reducing carbon emissions as it has no carbon (Batta, Ashong, and Bashir, 2013). References Amanchukwu, R.N., Amadi-Ali, T.G. and Ololube, N.P., 2015. Climate change education in Nigeria: the role of curriculum review. Education, 5(3), pp.71-79. Batta, H.E., Ashong, A.C. and Bashir, A.S., 2013. Press coverage of climate change issues in Nigeria and implications for public participation opportunities. Journal of sustainable development, 6(2), p.56. Hansen, J. and Sato, M., 2016. Regional climate change and national responsibilities. Environmental Research Letters, 11(3), p.034009. Ogbo, A., Lauretta, N.E. and Ukpere, W., 2013. Risk management and challenges of climate change in Nigeria. J Hum Ecol, 41(3), pp.221-235.

Just Another Day at the Pharmacy free essay sample

The printer hummed behind my back, and I turned back to see a long strand of bright yellow paper coming out. I rushed to it and neatly tore the perforated yellow stickers and read the instructions. I soon began to look for a matte blue bin at the top of the shelf. Just as I was about to reach into the bin, a dark shadow of a tall figure said, â€Å"That’s the right one, Jovin.† I recognized the voice while filling a clear plastic bag with the materials listed on the sticker. I replied, â€Å"I’m all right at this task. It’s just filling the right doses of pills.† I looked at the printer again, and it looked like a volcano of stickers had erupted. I separated each sticker and read, â€Å"Percocet† and I knew that this one would be discarded in the Confidential Documents Only bin because it was a narcotic. We will write a custom essay sample on Just Another Day at the Pharmacy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pride arose in my heart as I quickly distinguished control drugs from non-control, and formulary from non-formulary ones. These crucial experiences at the pharmacy made me further develop an interest in the ever-expanding field of medicine and health care. I no longer skipped those boring drug commercials because they all started to make sense, and they made me even more aware of the drugs available to the world today. â€Å"Jovin, come here,† said the chemo-pharmacist. I entered the IV Room strapped in a gown, wearing a â€Å"bootie† over my shoes and a head covering that looked like a French beret. After carefully observing her do a myriad of tasks in chemo compounding, she thoroughly explained the process of making the drug. â€Å"All done,† she said, and asked me to accompany her to the Oncology Department. As I heard the pharmacist slowly unveiling the failure of the chemo treatment to the patient’s children, I began to weep. I wasn’t even rel ated to the patient. I felt like I was in the children’s position, and I knew it would be unbearable if I heard news like this about my relatives. After seeing the cancer patients, a melancholic feeling replaced the cheery smile that I once had. Another lesson learned: In order to succeed at this profession, one has to set aside personal feelings or otherwise one will become too closely attached to the patients. Back at the pharmacy, I had finished all the tasks. I rapidly began to put away returned pills, and fill clear orange vials with solutions. Stacking countless newly arrived cardboard boxes on the beige shelves was my last task. â€Å"Jovin, it’s four o’clock,† said one pharmacist, and I realized it was time for me to go. I had done a lot that day from filling pills and shadowing pharmacists to helping pharmacy technicians. I couldn’t believe that eight hours went by so fast. I guess time goes so quickly when you learn from experience, and h ave fun. At least, I did.

Free Essays on The Horse Dance

The Horse Dance The horse dance started out with a crier sent around in the morning who told the people to camp in a circle at a certain place. The people did this, in the middle of the Circle Bear Sings and Black Road set a sacred tepee of bison hide, and on it they painted pictures from Black Elks vision. On the West side hey painted a bow and a cup of water, on the north, white geese and the herb, on the east, the daybreak star and the pipe, on the south, the flowering stick and the nations hoop. They also painted horses, elk, and bison. Then over the door of the sacred tepee, they painted the flaming rainbow. For this ritual Black Elk was told not to eat anything until the horse dance was over. There were four black horses to represent the West, four white horses for the north, four sorrels for the east, four buckskins for the south. For all these young riders had been chosen. And Black Elk got a bay horse to ride on, as it was in his vision. Four of the most beautiful girls in the village were ready to take their part, and there were six old men to use as the Grandfathers. The four girls and the sixteen horses all faced the sacred tepee. Black Road and Bear Sings started out singing a song, and all the others sang along following, this song was as follows â€Å"Father, paint the earth on me. Father, paint the earth on me. Father, paint the earth on me. A nation I will make over. A two- legged nation I will make holy. Father, paint the earth on me.† The four black-horse riders were painted all black with blue lightning stripes down their legs and arms and white hail spots on their hips, and there were blue streaks of lightning on the horse’s leg. The white horse riders were painted all white with red streaks of lightning on their arms and legs of the horses there were streaks of red lightning, and all the white riders wore plumes of white horse hair on their heads to look like geese. The riders of th... Free Essays on The Horse Dance Free Essays on The Horse Dance The Horse Dance The horse dance started out with a crier sent around in the morning who told the people to camp in a circle at a certain place. The people did this, in the middle of the Circle Bear Sings and Black Road set a sacred tepee of bison hide, and on it they painted pictures from Black Elks vision. On the West side hey painted a bow and a cup of water, on the north, white geese and the herb, on the east, the daybreak star and the pipe, on the south, the flowering stick and the nations hoop. They also painted horses, elk, and bison. Then over the door of the sacred tepee, they painted the flaming rainbow. For this ritual Black Elk was told not to eat anything until the horse dance was over. There were four black horses to represent the West, four white horses for the north, four sorrels for the east, four buckskins for the south. For all these young riders had been chosen. And Black Elk got a bay horse to ride on, as it was in his vision. Four of the most beautiful girls in the village were ready to take their part, and there were six old men to use as the Grandfathers. The four girls and the sixteen horses all faced the sacred tepee. Black Road and Bear Sings started out singing a song, and all the others sang along following, this song was as follows â€Å"Father, paint the earth on me. Father, paint the earth on me. Father, paint the earth on me. A nation I will make over. A two- legged nation I will make holy. Father, paint the earth on me.† The four black-horse riders were painted all black with blue lightning stripes down their legs and arms and white hail spots on their hips, and there were blue streaks of lightning on the horse’s leg. The white horse riders were painted all white with red streaks of lightning on their arms and legs of the horses there were streaks of red lightning, and all the white riders wore plumes of white horse hair on their heads to look like geese. The riders of th...

Comparative Communication in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative Communication in History - Essay Example I think that this disrupts my capability of fully understanding each of the elements and information being given. As a matter of fact, I have to pause and go back to some points and move forward – skip – to the information that is related. Unfortunately, in some instances, some information were no longer pursued because it has been supplanted by another that was more interesting to the moderator, especially. This is particularly difficult, because in the chronology of events in the alphabet development, the resource speakers were talking about several places and people. At one point, they were talking about Egypt, then in Canaan, then in Syria, then, Egyptian scribe, Greeks, Phoenicians, among others. So there was several instances wherein I got confused. It was hard to follow how the alphabet really evolved or to understand whether there was one path of alphabet development in all of the locales mentioned. Near the end, I even found that were such categories as West Canaanites and that these people were the same as the Phoenicians. I am not saying that the tendency to wander on some minor topics is bad in itself. Because I think they provided the necessary background in order to understand what is being explained. However, the lack of systematic or logical flow in the delivery of the information makes it a liability, imposing so much on my capability to cope with all of the information that were suddenly coming my way. There is this discussion, for instance, about how the alphabet was being used for mundane purposes and how hieroglyphics were used as the language of the powerful, then suddenly a discussion ensued about the Phoenicians, migratory movements of the Greeks and the history of city-states. I believe that these elements were important but that they could have been placed on strategic parts and explained limitedly. The fact that the explanation of the development of the alphabet must be learned through listening from a

Individual, Community and Black Identity in 8 Mile Essay

Individual, Community and Black Identity in 8 Mile - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  8 Mile portrays life of the black community placed in the harsh social and economic conditions in Detroit of the mid-1990s, and the white protagonist living inside and interacting with this community transforms understanding of being ‘black’. The entire plot of the movie revolves around racial issues in America, but the flavor of racism can be sense not only in the traditional ‘white-against-black’ way, but also in reverse; and this reverse rejection is expressed in disrespect of B-Rabbit as a hip hop musician by the black hip hop community: â€Å"B-Rabbit, is a white rapper who overcomes the odds against him which include poverty and lack of respect as a white rapper†.This essay stresses that  the character gets discriminated – surprisingly – based on his whiteness. However, the resolution of the conflict in the final battle in the Shelter gives the viewer a hint at the true understanding of blackne ss. At the same time, he admits his own challenged background, which probably makes him more authentically black in cultural meaning that Papa Doc. Thuswise, the movie’s representation challenges traditional ‘black’ identity depicted in media and emphasizes virtually the significant aspect of it: while whites were depicted in hip hop â€Å"as socially privileged and therefore not credible† in the genre â€Å"where credibility is often negotiated through an artist’s experiences of social struggle†.

World Cuisines In Kerala Cultural Studies Essay

World Cuisines In Kerala Cultural Studies Essay Kerala was and is known all over the world for its rich spices. Hence from ancient times many people from the West and East came to Kerala in search of the rich and rare spices. This impact with the rest of the world had its effects on the culture, food and religion of the people of Kerala. Gradually the pure vegetarians became non-vegetarians. But they adopted their cooking of meat and fish to suit their convenience, palate and the availability of the ingredients around them. Thus they slowly evolved an indigenous cooking of their own which is a combination of distinctive cuisines and a harmonious fusion of many cultures and religions (Mathew, 2008). Owing to many reasons, much has changed in the culinary scenario of Kerala in the past four decades. The research looks to understand these changes and to obtain a clear picture of the dining trends and various aspects of the foods prepared in the households of Kerala today. 1.2 Aim of the Research The aim of the research is to analyse the changes in Kerala in the past four decades from a culinary perspective in terms of food, food preparation, eating and dining preferences of the natives. Change is inevitable and has many causes and effects. Over the last forty years, the economy of India has boomed. This is very evident in the state of Kerala. The migration of the natives to other states of India and other countries in search of better jobs and incomes has reflected upon the growth in the economy of the state as well. This led to major changes in lifestyle and also saw significant improvements in the items and provisions available on the market. All this has left the people of Kerala with better living conditions and a greater disposable income. This has also resulted in social exposure and cultural exchange to a great extent. Both partners in a married family doing jobs to support the family members is now common across the world, and it is no different in Kerala. This means that the availability of time to prepare meals at home is lesser. As a result of this people tend to use packaged ingredients to prepare food. Some even buy readymade dishes to have at home and many prefer to dine out since they cannot find enough time at home to cook meals. The research will examine all such changes in Kerala. 1.3 Motivation of the Research Gastronomy has become a major field of interest and study in the world today. People across the world are not only interested in their own cuisine and culture, but also that of other regions across the world. Being a student of Gastronomy, the researcher is keen to study the major changes in Kerala regarding the kind of food prepared in households and the changes in dining trends. The researcher would like to understand the religious and cultural taboos present in Kerala with regards to the type of food consumed and find out whether such ideologies are still being followed. 1.4 Objectives The researcher will be concentrating on understanding certain changes that took place in Kerala pertaining to the culinary world. To begin with, the researcher would examine the changes that have taken place in the way foods are prepared in households, i.e. how the preparation of ingredients have changed, how the utensils used to prepare food have changed and whether the dishes prepared in households are similar to what they were before. The researcher will also study the change in the dining trends in Kerala with a focus on the current dining trends in the major cities of Kerala including Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam and Kozhikode. 1.5 The Reach and Inadequacy of the Research This research in many of its aspects tends to obtain only a generalised view of the current culinary scenario of the state of Kerala. The study of the current dining trends is restricted to three major cities of Kerala. The research does not cover the cuisines of the minor communities present in the state. The time given for primary research is inadequate as there are many attributes to be covered in this study. The resources available for secondary research on this topic are few. 1.6 Research Structure The study has been divided into four chapters to provide a systematic representation of the research. The first chapter covers the aim and objectives of the research apart from an outline of the various cuisines of Kerala, festive foods and the major utensils used to prepare food in household kitchens across Kerala. Chapter two examines the research methodology where the qualitative method of research is a collection of data which is generated in verbal form. Observational surveys, depth interviews, open ended questionnaires, expert discourses and discussions are studied. The design of the research and methods of data collection and data analysis are discussed. In chapter three, the data obtained from primary research are analysed and interpreted to better understand the outcomes of the research. Chapter four summarises the findings, details the thoughts and opinions of the researcher and determines the scope for future research. At the end of the research, the researcher provides a bibliographical collage of notable works cited and referred to in the process of carrying out this study. 1.7 Kerala A Melting Pot of Cuisines Kerala cuisine as experienced today is an amalgamation of three different traditions Muslim, Christian and Hindu. Though all of them are made up of sub-denominational and regional practices and tastes, the Hindu tradition also has caste differentiations and overtones. 1.7.1 Moplah Cuisine The Malabar region of northern Kerala is the birthplace of the distinctive cuisine of the Moplahs, the Muslims of Kerala. The term Moplah derives itself from Mapillai, which means bridegroom or from Mahapillai which means a person held in high esteem. These Muslims are descendants of Arab traders who married local Kerala women, later expanding their ranks by conversion (Achaya, 2007). Majority of the Moplah population are settled in the northern districts of Kerala including Malapuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kannur and Kasargod. The Moplah cuisine is noted for its liberal use of a wide variety of spices. 1.7.1.1 Dietary Laws Meats eaten by the Muslims are halal. They also abstain from consuming pork and alcohol as they are forbidden in Islam. 1.7.1.2 Specialities of the Cuisine This cuisine includes many kinds of biryanis and pilafs, not simply combining rice with meat and chicken, but also with many kinds of fish a natural development of a coastal state. Instead of using the long grained basmati that is the standard for biryanis and pilafs in northern India, Moplahs use kaima rice, a local short-grained variety. The Moplah biryani is made by cooking the rice, and meat or fish separately, arranging them in alternating layers, and baking with live coals from above and below. The mutton is cooked tender, and the rice is flaky. It is skilfully spiced with the right proportions of condiments. One difference between the Moplahs and the other Muslims of India is that the Moplahs do not make kebabs. Instead they have meats in a dry form or in rich gravies. Among their specialities is roast chicken made on the stovetop, instead of in a conventional oven. The chicken is stuffed with spices and a hard-boiled egg and slowly fried over a very low heat in a deep pot. Also, wheat and meat are combined in various ways. Wheat is coarsely ground for a porridge called aleesa, or it is left whole and combined with minced meat, for a dish called kiskiya. There are some exquisite dishes that are solely the product of Moplah imagination. One of the best known and most delicious dishes among the Moplahs is neichoru, which is rice fried in ghee with onions, cloves, cinnamon and cardamom. During the fasting month of Ramadan, the evenings dinner often consists of pathiri, and meat and chicken dishes. Pathiri is a bread made from rice flour. Some are thin like a chapati, some thick, and some are deep fried. After preparation it is sometimes soaked in coconut milk to keep it soft and to improve the flavour. The word pathiri comes from the Arabic word fateerah, which means pastry. Variants of pathiri include neypathiri which is prepared with ghee, poricha pathiri which is fried, irachi pathiri which is stuffed with meat and meen pathiri which is stuffed with fish. One of the most famous Moplah dishes is a dessert called mutta-maala, the literal meaning of which is A garland of eggs. Egg yolks are cooked in syrup until they form long strands. They are then removed from the syrup and spread out on a plate. An accompanying dessert, a snow-like pudding called Pinnanthappam, is then made by beating the egg whites until fluffy, blending them with the leftover syrup, and then cooking the mixture in a steamer. The soft, white confection is cut into diamonds and served with the yellow egg strands. The Kozhikode halwa is another famous dessert of the Moplahs. The Malabar Muslims have a distinguished culinary culture that flaunts tastes and flavours bearing strong influences of Arab, Mughal and local Kerala cuisine. 1.7.2 Syrian Christian Cuisine Christianity is believed to have reached Kerala in 52 A.D., much before it reached many European countries. Syrian Arab Christians fleeing persecution at the hands of the Muslims took refuge under the king of Kerala. They left a heavy influence on the cuisine of Kerala, which might explain why Keralian food is so different from its neighbouring Tamilian cuisine. It also explains the prevalence of non-vegetarian food in Keralian dishes. Kerala Syrian Christian Cuisine is basically the name given to the unique culinary style of the Syrian Christians, who live mainly in areas like Kottayam and Pala in Kerala. 1.7.2.1 Dietary Laws The most interesting feature of the Christian eating style is that the Christians do not have any dietary restrictions. All kinds of meats and alcohol can be consumed by them. All other non-Christian communities in India have certain restrictions on what they can eat or drink. 1.7.2.2 Specialities of the Cuisine The Syrian Christians have created a whole slew of recipes for meat including beef, pork, duck and chicken. Their best known dish is a Stew which combines pieces of meat with potatoes and a few other vegetables like carrots, beans and green peas in a lightly seasoned broth containing coconut milk. The stew is usually served with Appams, which are rice flour pancakes with white and thick but spongy centres, and golden, thin and crisp lacy edges. It can be a starter at an elaborate formal meal, or it can even be eaten at breakfast. According to late Ms. Thangam Philip, the Appam is a variation of the Dutch pancake with coconut milk, while Acchappam is a derivation of Dutch cookies (Kannampilly, 2003). Idiappam is another breakfast dish of cooked rice noodles, eaten with sweetened coconut milk or a meat or chicken curry. There are many types of Appams in Kerala. While the basic ingredient for any Appam is rice flour, the other ingredients, size and shapes vary. Among other Syrian Christian dishes there are several mouth-watering preparations. Chicken is cooked either in a spicy sauce made with both red and green chillies, star anise, and crushed cashew, or with grated and fried coconut. Duck is gently simmered with coconut milk. Beef Ularthiyathu has chunks of beef which are combined with large pieces of coconut and fried together with spices. This served with Kerala Parotta is also one of the most common meals at any thattukada. Thattukadas are the Kerala version of fast food joints. Other well known preparations include beef cutlets with Sallas (a salad made of sliced onions, green chillies and vinegar), Meen Peera a dry dish of fish with grated coconut, Meen Mulakittathu a fish preparation cooked in spicy red chilly gravy, and duck roast. Kappa Vevichathu is a mashed tapioca dish made by boiling pieces of tapioca combined with ground coconut and a variety of spices. It is tempered with mustard, curry leaves, brown onions and red chilli es. It is accompanied by Meen Mulakittathu. Other popular fish preparations include Meen Moilee and Meen Mappas, both of which are cooked in coconut milk. The Syrian Christians also brought with them their love for wild game including duck, and rabbit. The incorporation of these meats with the spices and cooking techniques that existed in India already created some very masterful dishes, including the stuffed, roasted duck that is eaten as part of a traditional Christmas feast. These people have made Kerala as well known for its variety of meat dishes as for its seafood dishes. 1.7.2.3 Savoury Dishes The main snack items include Acchappam, Neiappam, Unniyappam, Vattayappam and Avalose. Acchappam is a deep-fried rose-cookie made of rice, the name coming from the frame required to make it. It is a common snack item. Neiappam is a deep-fried, chewy dark doughnut made from toddy-fermented rice and jaggery. Unniyappam is made using rice flour, bananas, and jaggery in a special type of vessel called unniappa chatty. Its shape is somewhere between a small ball and a muffin. Vattayappam is a sweet, thick pancake made with rice flour, coconut milk, semolina and sugar. Resins and cashew nuts are also added for flavour. Avalose is a dish that uses a rice-coconut combination. The rice is fried in this. It can be eaten with jaggery, coconut and bananas. It can also be mixed with jaggery syrup and rolled into a ball, the size of a lemon, and is called Avalose unda. Wine is an important part of Kerala Syrian Christian cuisine. Another attractive trait of this cuisine is the liberal use of coconut oil, coconut milk, curry leaves and mustard seeds. 1.7.3 Hindu Cuisine The Hindus were the original natives of Kerala. Their cuisine primarily consisted of vegetarian dishes earlier, although some castes included certain non-vegetarian items in their cuisine. Majority of the Hindu population are settled in the southern and central districts of Kerala including Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Idukki, Ernakulam, Thrissur and Palakad. The Hindus of Kerala constitute primarily of three castes, including Ezhavas, Nairs and Nampoothiris. 1.7.3.1 Dietary Laws Consumption of beef and alcohol is strictly prohibited among all Hindus of Kerala and doing so often resulted in violence or excommunication during the pre-independence era. The Nampoothiris are strict vegetarians and avoid the use of garlic and onion. 1.7.3.2 Specialities of the Cuisine The Ezhavas form the largest Hindu community in Kerala. Appam and stew are the common breakfast items. The stew varies from fish in coconut milk with bits of mango, mutton in coconut milk, or merely sweetened coconut milk. A bread speciality is nai-patthal, in the shape of a starfish. Pachadi, a curd based dish made of finely chopped and boiled vegetables with coconut, green or red chillies and tempered in oil with mustard seeds, ginger and curry leaves is a famous dish of the Ezhavas. Desserts include various types of Pradhaman, which is prepared by boiling a certain main ingredient like green gram, banana, jackfruit or cooked rice flakes in coconut milk and flavouring with palm jaggery, cardamom and ginger powder and tempering with fried cashew nuts, raisins and coconut chips. The Nairs form the second largest Hindu community in Kerala. Traditionally, majority of Nairs were non-vegetarians as consumption of fish was permitted, while some sub-castes were strict vegetarians. Chicken and mutton dishes are also prepared in many Nair homes nowadays, but they were prohibited earlier. Breakfast items include Puttu, which is a steamed rice cake. Rice powder is moistened and layered with fresh shredded coconut and steamed in a special utensil called a puttu kutti. It is accompanied by either kadala (chickpea) curry, bananas, sugar, papadam, egg curry or boiled green lentils. Certain vegetable varieties though eaten by all Keralites, have special Nair associations. Popular dishes include Sambhar, Aviyal, Kaalan and Olan. Aviyal is a mix of a variety of vegetables including beans, carrot, yam, drumstick, etc. which are cooked with curd, ground coconut, shallots and turmeric powder and seasoned with coconut oil. Kaalan is prepared using plantain, curd and coconut. Olan is a dish of white pumpkin and dried beans cooked in coconut milk and coconut oil. Ada Prathaman and Paal-Payasam are common dessert items. The domestic cooking of meat and chicken by the Nairs is spiced and uses a great deal of coconut and coconut milk which tempers the dish to mildness. The Nampoothiris are Brahmins. Thoran is a chief dish of Nampoothiris. It is a dry dish made by stir frying vegetables with coconut and some spices. There are a variety of thorans, including cabbage thoran, carrot and beans thoran, ivy gourd thoran, etc. Thorans can be made with almost every vegetable. 1.8 Onam Sadya Onam is the most important festival of Kerala and is celebrated by all Keralites. It occurs during Chigam, the first month of the Malayalam calendar, which is between August and September. It marks the homecoming of the legendary King Mahabali. At the core of the festival is the Onam Sadya or Onasadya, a feast of almost 13 to 15 dishes. This can go up to 30 dishes at sadyas served in hotels and temples. Some of the main dishes include Sambar, Erisseri, Parippu, Thoran, Olan, Kaalan, Pachadi, Injipulli, Aviyal, Plantain Chips, Sharkara Varatti, pickle and Pappadam. Desserts include Paalada Pradhaman and Parippu Pradhaman. The sadya is always served on a banana leaf and is a completely vegetarian meal. 1.9 Earth, Stone and Metal The Cooking Utensils of Kerala The best known Malayali cooking utensil is the uruli made of bell metal. It is circular, squat and wide-mouthed and comes in many sizes. The other metallic utensils are the charakku, a large round cauldron with handles on either side of the rim, and the vaarpu, a large pan made of bronze. All these utensils are used to make payasam, sambar and curries, except kalan, pachadi, chutneys and pickles as they are sour. These dishes are made in a kalchatti, a utensil carved out of soft stone, with a mouth wider than its base. Generally a kalchatti is tall with the height being more than the circumference. The uruli, charakku and kalchatti get hot gradually and retain heat for some time, hence they are used for cooking everything except rice. The cooking of rice is done in a chembu, a low, wide-mouthed utensil made of copper a metal that heats quickly. Various long-handled metal spatulas of different types are used for stirring payasam and different types of gravy items. Generally wooden ladles are used for the vegetables so as not to bruise them and to transfer rice from the chembu into the serving baskets. Fish is cooked in a flat-bottomed, open-mouthed terracotta vessel called the meenchatti (meaning cooking utensil for fish). The Kerala style of preparing fish generally calls for slow cooking. This leads to two problems. The curry could easily brown and stick to the base of the vessel and stirring it could lead to the disintegration of the fish. Holding the rim of the vessel with both hands and swirling the curry around prevents these mishaps. The structure and design of the meenchatti allows for all these. It retains heat inside for a long time, thus aiding in slow cooking, and remains just warm enough on the outside, to permit the gentle swirling. The kadhai is used for all stir-fried dishes and for deep frying. In Malayalam, the kadhai is called cheenachatti. The appachatti is used for making Appam, the sevanazhi or idiappam press for Idiappam, and the puttukutti for puttu.

Alcohol Use during Pregnancy Linked to Hyperactivity in Children

Most women understand that drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause physical and mental birth defects. Multiple studies indicate women who drink three or more glasses of alcohol at any one occasion in early pregnancy increase the child’s risk of developing alcohol disorders by 21 years of age (JAMA and Archives Journal, 2006; British Medical Journal, 2005) and is also linked to higher incidents of hyperactivity I children (British Medical Journal, 2005).Conversely, the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) reveals that â€Å"data on the relationship between FAS and hyperactivity are inconsistent† (Jacobson & Jacobson, 2003).Studies conducted by the NIAAA, indicate hyperactivity of clinic–referred patients â€Å"may have been caused by social and environmental factors, such as co–occurring attachment disorders, anxiety, and post–traumatic stress disorder† (2003, Hyperactivity and Attention, para 3).Fetal Alcohol Syndrom e (FAS) was first identified in 1973 has reached new levels in terms of research and relevance to other birth defects (Locke-Wellman et al, 2000), including the hypothesis that â€Å"alcohol consumption in doses not generally associated with alcohol problems can produce a variety of neurocognitive deficits in the absence of effects on growth and morphology† and â€Å"appear to have a continuum of neurobehavioral morphological and developmental effects† (e.g. hyperactivity), (Locke-Wellman et al.,2000,p. 661).Understanding HyperactivityThe National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) defines hyperactivity –as applies to this report- as Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is a neurobehavioral disorder affecting 3-5 percent of all American children (Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Association, 2007). ADHD interferes with an individual’s ability to focus (stay on a task) and to exercise age-appropriate inhibition (cognitive alone or both cognitive and behavioral) (NINDS, 2007).Warning signs include what may appear as ignoring verbal instructions, lack of organization (personal and school work), fidgetiness, excessive talking, inability to finish chores and homework, and problems paying attention to and responding to details (NINDS, 2007;Attention Deficit Disorder Association, n.d.). While hyperactivity at any level is most common in the younger years up to the early teens, there are many whose condition continued into the adult years (Ibid).Research Supports Alcohol’s Link to HyperactivityMore than 20 years ago, studies first revealed alcohol use during pregnancy as a valid link to hyperactivity. In effect, children who were administered the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (KSADS) who showed signs of hyperactivity were born to mothers who admit to drinking during pregnancy (Coles et al., 1997; Chambers et al., 1985).In 1989, Archer et al. i ndicated a need to study specific factors (e.g. dietary sensitivities and fetal alcohol damage) that may be important for subgroups of hyperactive children. However, the authors add that this findings are â€Å"unlikely to account for the syndrome as a whole† (Archer et al.,1989, p. 18).When covering substance use and abuse, Archer et al. (1986, 1989) reported on an earlier study by Weiss et al (1979), explaining that follow-up findings on substance use and abuse (both alcohol and other compounds) have not been consistent, of which Jacobson’s theory (2003) supports citing that potential reasons for these inconsistencies includes differences in geographic study locations, the birth years of subjects, attrition rates, data collection procedures, definitions of use and abuse, and varying degrees of co-morbidity (e.g., ADHD symptoms and conduct problems) across studies (Archer et al, 1986, 1989).Conduct problems in the early adolescence of hyperactive children have been co nsistent in most studies, of which Weiss et al (1979) reported that â€Å"at [the] follow-up mean age 13 years, 25 percent of formerly hyperactive subjects showed a history of antisocial behavior, 16 percent were referred to juvenile court, and 3 percent (2 of 64 subjects) were placed in a reform school†¦teachers reported that hyperactives exhibited more conduct problems than controls† (p. 1350).Ackerman et al (1986) acknowledges the findings of Weiss et al. (1979) citing that when comparing hyperactive, hypoactive, and normoactive learning-disabled boys and controls in a 4-year follow-up (mean age 14 years) the results indicated a three to sixteen fold increase in comparatively serious behavioral problems (e.g. breaking and entering, aggressive acts in school, and serious incorrigibility) in the hyperactive group (Ackerman et al., 1986; Weiss et al, 1986).However, all studies reveal that the outcome in late adolescence and young adulthood is less clear.

Elements of Democracy and Constitutionalism Essay

The 16th president of the United States of America explained it succinctly. Democracy, that is. Democracy is a government system adopted by many nations. It is perhaps one of the oldest forms of political rule, one that transcends over time.. Democracy and constitution are just two of the numerous theories that origin in Greece, one of the oldest cradles of civilization. Democracy takes its root from the Greek word which means rule by the people (Johnston, 1987). It is different from other types of government system such as dictatorship or totalitarian (1987). Democracy occurs when people choose its government, or those who will lead them. Democracy dates back to prehistoric times. Some anthropologists, for instance, have unearthed democracy in tribes (1987). It is called â€Å"primitive democracy† wherein a tribal council rules a certain tribe (1987). The council is usually composed of families and clans (1987). The Iroquois Confederacy, which ruled some parts of the United States, is another example of democratic institution (1987). It is even said that the Confederacy contributed to the creation of the US constitution (Cook, 2000). Democracy has several political, economic and social characteristics. One of its vital political characteristic is that men are equal before the law, meaning everyone is entitled to equal right, to participate in all political decisions (Johnston, 1987). Each has the right to vote or choose. During the Athenian government, adult male citizens convened to address public issues. As democracy continued to become popular, especially in Europe and America, the right to vote was adopted, but was limited to male land owners (1987). It was only during the 20th century, wherein women in nations practicing democracy were given the right to suffrage (1987). Another prominent element in democracy is freedom of expression. This pertains to the liberty to express one’s self through speech, press and assembly (Johnston, 1987). Through freedom of expression, views on certain issues would be addressed. The English, French, and American revolutions were geared towards achieving freedom of expression (1987). Basic to democracy is the idea of majority rule. In a democratic nation, a consensus should be achieved. While the majority is generally followed, minority rights are also taken in consideration (Johnston, 1987). The minority’s purpose is not to contest the majority but to give alternatives (1987). Furthermore, one economic characteristic of a democracy is to have equality not just in political areas but in economic as well. Democratic nations have labor unions to address the welfare of the workers (Johnston, 1987). Some countries like the United States passed laws on regulating employment-related issues such as wages and Social Security (1987). Likewise, democracy affects the social distinctions of a nation. Democracy curtails differences on sex, wealth, birth, race and religion (Johnston, 1987). The 14th Amendment to the United States, for example, states that a citizen must be granted all rights (1987). In Greece where the term democracy derived, democracy arose when the middle class comprising merchants, started to gain power (Johnston, 1987). It used to be that tribal systems were dominant in Greece (Rabb, 1987). The period, which was known as â€Å"Age of Kings† had mini-monarchies in Greece (1987). However, by 1000 BC to 500 BC, people started to rethink about the government. By this time, the idea of popular government had started to crop up (1987). A popular government is defined as a government wherein people should not be under the control of others (1987). This popular government concept is the precursor of what is not democracy. Athens was the place where the Greeks first experience democracy (1987). As stated earlier, Athenian democracy practiced voting, although was limited to citizens and men only (1987). It was also during this time that Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, was sentenced to death (1987). When Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Greece, the popularity of democracy faded. During the Roman period, the Roman tribune was tasked to stand in for the people or the plebian (Johnston, 1987). The plebian comprised the lower class. It was the Romans who idealized that citizens should be equal before the law (1987). In 16th century, the growth of European trade proved to be a platform for democracy to expand (Johnston, 1987). Throughout Europe, the rising middle class started demanding for recognizing their rights (1987). In England, for instance, free enterprise capitalism developed (1987). In France, advocating on democracy was prohibited especially since the country had absolute monarchy as its type of government (Johnston, 1987). However, some French writers and philosophers started propagating the idea of democracy (1987). Voltaire wrote on the freedom of speech; Baron de Montesquieu drafted a model of a government structure wherein the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are of equal power; and Jean Jacques Rousseau advocated on an equal society (1987). These are just examples of ancient democratic practices. Another Ancient Greek political idea is the constitution. The great Greek philosopher Aristotle used the term constitution to pertain to government forms- either good or bad (Safra, 20002). According to Aristotle, monarchy and aristocracy are good constitution whereas tyranny, oligarchy and democracy are bad constitution (2002). A constitutional government has several elements-procedural stability, accountability, representation, division of power, openness and disclosure (Safra, 2002). Procedural stability means that basic laws of the government must not be changed randomly (Safra, 2002). The government must provide it citizens the laws so that its citizens would know the consequences (2002). Accountability pertains to the government’s responsibility to its citizens (Safra, 2002). It is executed through processes such as elections, fiscal accounting, and referendum (2002). Representation states that the people who have been elected should serve as representatives of their constituents (Safra, 2002). Elections ensure that citizens are well represented by those elected. Constitutionalism allows division of power [of legislature, executive, and judiciary] to ensure check and balance in the government (Safra, 2002). Since democracy sits in constitutionalism, there should exists openness and disclosure in the government. Citizens cannot participate in a constitutional government if they are not privy to the workings. It is therefore necessary to have openness and disclosure in the government, to have access to pertinent documents. Constitutional government has been practiced by several countries. Former colonies of Great Britain in Asia and the Caribbean such as India and Nigeria had adopted constitutional form of government (Safra, 2002). European countries such as France, Germany and Italy have likewise adopted this form of government. In France, for example, its previous government had been absolute monarchy. The constitution of the Third Republic was established in 1870 (Safra, 2002). It was followed for roughly 70 years until the German invasion (2002). In the constitution of the Fourth Republic, the average cabinet life became shorter because the government had to deal with the Algerian independence movement (2002). The constitution of the Fifth Republic provides power to the president to abolish the Parliament (2002). The U. S. constitution, on the other hand, copied most of its phrases from the British constitutional vocabulary (Safra, 2002). The English constitution was the effect of custom rather than a premeditated consultation. Parliament was the product of the Curia Regis or the King’s Council (2002). The US constitution was amended for its own use. The constitution states that the US government has three branches – executive, judicial and legislative. It was signed on September 17, 1787 (Constitution of the United States, 2000). The US constitution serves as the foundation of the US government. It is divided into three parts- the preamble, articles and amendments (2000).

Production Of Textile Fabrics Is The Purpose Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1670 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The company is types of Functional Departmentalization, which is potential efficiency gains by having people who work in the same areas operating together, better co-ordination of each function, decision authority is centralized at the top of the organization. Product departmentalization, all of the activities surrounding a product group can be coordinated and supported, allow specialization within product groupings. Divisional design structure is based on the product departmentalization approach, the organization is divided into separate divisions often based around a product or type of service. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Production Of Textile Fabrics Is The Purpose Business Essay" essay for you Create order Process departmentalization, jobs are grouped together on the basis of workflow, allows for efficient flow of process activities. Geographic departmentalisation are arranged based on the geographic area they exist in, can look after the unique needs of each geographic region more effectively and efficiently. 1.2 Mark (CEO) Chief Executive Officer, the most senior management is responsible for the day-to-day operation and management of an enterprise, also known as the Chief Executive Officer. Decision-making, all of the companys major operations of matters, including financial, operational direction, increase or decrease of business Participate in the decision-making of the Board of Directors, the implementation of the resolutions of the board of directors Presided over the companys day-to-day business activities; Foreign contracts or processing business The appointment and removal of the companys senior management; Business conditions six regularly report to the Board and to submit an annual report. The other responsibilities of the CEO can also establish, consolidate or change the corporate culture, team building, etc. Carl (Operations Manager) Planning, directing or coordinating the company or the activities of public and private sector operators. Responsibi lities include formulating policies, managing daily activities, to plan the use of material and human resources. Responsible for the day-to-day management of the small business owners or managers Quality Control Manager Process inspection: OQC Finished products inspection: IQC Feed examination: IQC Factory inspection: OQC Research and Development Manager Research and development program to develop new products, the demonstration project feasibility; Monitor the progress and quality of the management of research and development work; Study of new product development, according to the requirements of customers in different areas, to come up with effective solutions. 1.3 a) Mark has been assigned a goal of optimizing the production and improve the quality of the finished garments to the required level within six months. Has identified that the QC department is performing an excellent job with regards to identifying the quality issues during the production process. b) Management skills refers to the the managers exercise effective management functions required knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes. Technical skills Human skills conceptual skills Management skills c) 1). Refers to the familiar and proficient in the knowledge of a particular area of ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹expertise, such as engineering, computer science, finance, accounting or manufacturing. These skills are important for lower-level managers, because they deal directly with employees engaged in the work. 2). Managers to the staffs enthusiasm and confidence with good interpersonal skills, these skills are e ssential for all levels of managers. 3). The managers of the complex situation abstraction and conceptualization skills. Use of such skills, managers must be able to organization as a whole, to understand the relationship between the various parts, imagine how organizations adapt to it in which a wide range of environments. Especially for senior managers, this skill is very important. 4). Interrelated and mutually overlap. Skills is not simple, repetitive behavior, which exist in a complex system. Effective managers must rely on a variety of skills to the combination of specific results. 2.1 a) 1. Motivating others is linked to leadership -Leadership is a critical element of the motivation process 2. What managers understand about motivation- has a major impact upon their management practice. Trait Approach , in this approach, leadership is understood by identifying the personal characteristics of leaders.-Therefore leadership is determined by leaders own personal characteristics believed to be taken from birth. Hence, it is assumed that leaders are born but not made. Do not consider environment There cannot be generalization of traits for a successful leader. No evidence has been given about the degree of the carious traits need to be an effective leader There is a problem of measuring traits. There have been many people with the traits specified for leaders, but they were not good leaders. b) Identify and explain the leadership styles of Adam, the Knitting Manager, and James, the Dyeing Manager giving evidence from the case study to support yo ur comments. Adam the knitting manager Autocratic style -Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else. -High degree of dependency on the leader -Can create de-motivation and alienation of staff -May be valuable in some types of business where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively James the dyeing manager Laissez-Faire style -The leadership responsibilities are shared by all -Can be very useful in businesses, where creative ideas are important -Can be highly motivational, as people have control over their working life. -Can make coordination and decision making time-consuming and lacking overall direction -Relies on good team work -Relies on good interpersonal relations c) The leadership theorists from another angle, a lot of leadership theory called charismatic /Tools. Three characteristics: charismatic leadership to provide vision, inspiration and action-oriented. Provides a vision: to create a blueprint for the future , or forward-looking statements that are recognized by the people and inspire peoples enthusiasm for the future state by creating vision, to strengthen peoples sense of responsibility, to provide a common goal, and to set successful way for people. Encouraging: in this leadership role is to provide power directly to the organizations employees and motivate them to action. Action-oriented: leaders help people to action from a psychological perspective, the challenge. Tools The first is to invest time to establish a structured leadership team, this team with the corporate strategic synergy, and at the same time to create a structure, this structure clearly express the organization needs what type of behavior. Systems involved in this process [1] to set goals, establish standards, define roles and responsibilities; instrumental leadership is characterized by control, which involves the creation of measurement, supervision, behavior and results assessment and management behavior the third factor is the consistent returns, and procedures; made ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹to reward and punish behavior consistency requirements on employee behavior change. 2.2 a) The force that stimulates and energises an individual to willingly apply his or her skills and knowledge to towards achieving oragnisational goals which consequently meets personal goals. Motivation is -individual (intrinsic) -intentional: under the employees control -multi-faceted: what activates and energises it? -direction and choice of behavior Goals met to a high standard, Mark has identified, the operation department is much disorganized and that Carl, the General Manager Operation ,is firm and strict and finds it hard communicating at all levels. The production is usually held-up in the stitching section as stitching staff are either out of accessories or waiting for fabric through the dyeing and finishing sections. b) Advise Adam, the Knitting Manager, of four ways he might motivates his staff so they will remain with the company. Make sure you explain -what he must do and -How he might do it Adam can creating some activities to let the staf f join. Make sure they can have some rest after woke, it can be singing, watching movie. Theme Activities Act Through different theme activities, encourage their employees to learn and motivated to demonstrate self, resulting centripetal force cohesion Emotional investment law Emotional factors enthusiasm has a great influence on peoples work. The hotel can often take the feelings incentive: staff birthday celebrations (leading to congratulate, send birthday cake, birthday feast, dance, etc.), sick visits, assistance to needy families. Psychological counseling Hotel enterprises to adopt strict institutional management, management level is more distinct. Combined with some grass-roots management personnel management method is simple, brutal, over time, will inevitably undermine the enthusiasm of staff. Interest excitation method The interest is to promote employees to work the best power. Based on the staff personal interests as well as the work requires, hote l managers to help employees through the two-way choice to find interesting work, resulting in a lasting incentive effects. 2.3 1. Assess ability and training needs 1 response assessment: Response assessment questionnaires optimization problems. For example, how to deal with the problem in registered or bearer? How to deal with the problems of the lecturer Fudge students? How to solve the problem of non-trainees to participate in training and assessment results look good? And so on. 2. Learning assessment: Single assessment method, just use the test questions. Results unconvincing, I do not know how to use what indicators and charts to analyze the data 3. Behavioral assessment: The method is a single, complex, and only use the action plan, or a 360-degree questionnaire, and each class using the same method, and made the sector very tired, very exclusive. 4. Rating: Do not know what kind of class to evaluate results, under what conditions can the results of assessment. b) Know how to behave High moral character is vital to success. It will be a man, and others like you, are willing to cooperate with you, make it easier to succeed Passion Enthusiasm sometimes more important than the leader to both even more perfect. Produce lasting enthusiasm one way is to set a goal, work hard to achieve this goal, and the goal is reached, and then set the next target, again strive to achieve, to do so can provide the excitement and challenge maintain enthusiasm in fall. Lifelong learning Scale leader constantly learning will enterprises better measure of corporate success is the ability to innovate, and innovation comes from learning, not learning reading would be no new ideas, there would be no new strategy and the right decisions. Leadership, decision-making ability to learn. Effective communication Effective communication between the leader and the led, is the essence of the art of management. Win recruits Dream no matter how great bus iness leaders, Without the recognition and support of the supporters, the dream is just a dream. If you say that leaders need to have a special talent, and that is the ability to feel the purpose of others.